Maurya Empire First Dynasty to Rule Most of India

The Mauryan Empire (324–185 BCE), based in the Gangetic plains of India and with its capital city at Pataliputra (modern Patna), was one of many small political dynasties of the early historic period whose development included the original growth of urban centers, coinage, writing, and eventually, Buddhism. Under the leadership of Ashoka, the Mauryan Dynasty expanded to include most of the Indian subcontinent, the first empire to do so. Described in some texts as a model of efficient economic management, Mauryas wealth was established in land and sea trade with China and Sumatra to the east, Ceylon to the south, and Persia and the Mediterranean to the west. International trade networks in goods such as silks, textiles, brocades, rugs, perfumes, precious stones, ivory, and gold were exchanged within India on roads tied into the Silk Road, and also through a thriving merchant navy. King List/Chronology There are several sources of information about the Mauryan dynasty, both in India and in the Greek and Roman records of their Mediterranean trading partners. These records agree on the names and reigns of five leaders between 324 and 185 BCE. Chandragupta Maurya 324–300 BCEBindusara 300–272 BCEAsoka 272–233 BCEDasaratha 232–224Brihadratha (assassinated in 185 BCE) Founding The origins of the Mauryan dynasty are somewhat mysterious, leading scholars to suggest that the dynastic founder was likely of a non-royal background. Chandragupta Maurya established the dynasty in the last quarter of the 4th century BCE (circa 324–321 BCE) after Alexander the Great had left Punjab and the northwestern parts of the continent (circa 325 BCE). Alexander himself was only in India between 327–325 BCE, after which he returned to Babylon, leaving several governors in his place. Chandragupta ousted the leader of the small Nanda Dynasty polity ruling the Ganges Valley at the time, whose leader Dhana Nanda was known as Agrammes/Xandrems in Greek classical texts. Then, by 316 BCE, he also had removed most of the Greek governors, expanding the Mauryan realm to the northwest frontier of the continent. Alexanders General Seleucus In 301 BCE, Chandragupta battled Seleucus, Alexanders successor and the Greek governor who controlled the eastern sector of Alexanders territories. A treaty was signed to resolve the dispute, and the Mauryans received Arachosia (Kandahar, Afghanistan), Paraopanisade (Kabul), and Gedrosia (Baluchistan). Seleucus received 500 war elephants in exchange. In 300 BCE, Chandraguptas son Bindusara inherited the kingdom. He is mentioned in Greek accounts as Allitrokhates/Amitrokhates, which likely refers to his epithet amitraghata or slayer of foes. Although Bindusara did not add to the empires real estate, he did maintain friendly and solid trade relationships with the west. Asoka, Beloved of the Gods The most famous and successful of the Mauryan emperors was Bindusaras son Asoka, also spelled Ashoka, and known as Devanampiya Piyadasi (the beloved of the gods and of beautiful looks). He inherited the Mauryan kingdom in 272 BCE. Asoka was considered a brilliant commander who crushed several small revolts and began an expansion project. In a series of terrible battles, he expanded the empire to include most of the Indian subcontinent, although how much control he maintained after the conquering is debated in scholarly circles. In 261 BCE, Asoka conquered Kalinga (present day Odisha), in an act of terrible violence. In an inscription known as the 13th Major Rock Edict (see full translation), Asoka had carved: Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi, conquered the Kalingas eight years after his coronation. One hundred and fifty thousand were deported, one hundred thousand were killed and many more died (from other causes). After the Kalingas had been conquered, Beloved-of-the-Gods came to feel a strong inclination towards the Dhamma, a love for the Dhamma and for instruction in Dhamma. Now Beloved-of-the-Gods feels deep remorse for having conquered the Kalingas.   At its height under Asoka, the Mauryan empire included land from Afghanistan in the north to Karnataka in the south, from Kathiawad in the west to northern Bangladesh in the east. Inscriptions Much of what we know of the Mauryans comes from Mediterranean sources: although the Indian sources never mention Alexander the Great, the Greeks and Romans certainly knew of Asoka and wrote of the Mauryan empire. The Romans such as Pliny and Tiberius were particularly unhappy with the huge drain on resources required to pay for Roman imports from and through India. In addition, Asoka left written records, in the form of inscriptions on native bedrock or on movable pillars. They are the earliest inscriptions in South Asia. These inscriptions are found in more than 30 places. Most of them were written in a type of Magadhi, which may have been Ashokas official court language. Others were written in Greek, Aramaic, Kharosthi, and a version of Sanskrit, depending on their location. They include Major Rock Edicts at sites located on the bordering regions of his realm, Pillar Edicts in the Indo-Gangetic valley, and Minor Rock Edicts distributed all over the realm. The subjects of the inscriptions were not region-specific but instead consist of repetitive copies of texts attributed to Asoka. In the eastern Ganges, especially near the India-Nepal border that was the heartland of the Mauryan Empire, and the reported birthplace of the Buddha, highly polished monolithic sandstone cylinders are carved with Asokas scripts. These are relatively rare—only a dozen are known to survive—but some are more than 13 meters (43 feet) tall. Unlike most Persian inscriptions, Asokas are not focused on the aggrandizement of the leader, but rather convey royal activities in support of the then-nascent religion of Buddhism, the religion that Asoka embraced after the disasters at Kalinga. Buddhism and the Mauryan Empire Prior to Asokas conversion, he, like his father and grandfather, was a follower of the Upanishads and philosophical Hinduism, but after experiencing the horrors of Kalinga, Asoka began to support the then fairly esoteric ritual religion of Buddhism, adhering to his own personal dhamma (dharma). Although Asoka himself called it a conversion, some scholars argue that Buddhism at this time was a reform movement within the Hindu religion. Asokas idea of Buddhism included absolute allegiance to the king as well as a cessation of violence and hunting. Asokas subjects were to minimize sin, do meritorious deeds, be kind, liberal, truthful, pure, and grateful. They were to avoid fierceness, cruelty, anger, jealousy, and pride. Do seemly behavior to your parents and teachers, he cajoled from his inscriptions, and be kind to your slaves and servants. Avoid sectarian differences and promote the essence of all religious ideas. (as paraphrased in Chakravarti) In addition to the inscriptions, Asoka convened the Third Buddhist Council  and sponsored the construction of some 84,000 brick and stone stupas honoring the Buddha. He built the Mauryan Maya Devi Temple on the foundations of an earlier Buddhist temple and sent his son and daughter to Sri Lanka to spread the doctrine of dhamma. But Was it a State? Scholars are strongly divided as to how much control Asoka had over the regions he conquered. Often the limits of the Mauryan empire are determined by the locations of his inscriptions. Known political centers of the Mauryan Empire include the capital city of Pataliputra (Patna in Bihar state), and four other regional centers at Tosali (Dhauli, Odisha), Takshasila (Taxila, in Pakistan), Ujjayini (Ujjain, in Madhya Pradesh) and Suvanergiri (Andhra Pradesh). Each of these was ruled by princes of the royal blood. Other regions were said to be maintained by other, non-royal people, including Manemadesa in Madhya Pradesh, and Kathiawad in western India. But Asoka also wrote of known but unconquered regions in south India (Cholas, Pandyas, Satyputras, Keralaputras) and Sri Lanka (Tambapamni). The most telling evidence for some scholars is the rapid disintegration of the empire after Ashokas death. Collapse of the Mauryan Dynasty After 40 years in power, Ashoka died in the invasion by Bactrian Greeks at the end of the 3rd c BCE. Most of the empire disintegrated at that time. His son Dasaratha ruled next, but only briefly, and according to the Sanskrit Puranic texts, there were a number of short-term leaders. The last Maurya ruler, Brihadratha, was killed by his commander-in-chief, who founded a new dynasty, less than 50 years after Ashokas death. Primary Historical Sources Megasthenes, who as the Seleucid envoy to Patna wrote a description of Maurya, the original of which is lost but several pieces are excerpted by the Greeks historians Diodorus Siculus, Strabo, and ArrianThe Arthasastra of Kautilya, which is a compilation treatise on Indian statecraft. One of the authors was Chanakya, or Kautilya, who served as chief minister in Chandraguptas courtAsokas inscriptions on rock surfaces and pillars Fast Facts Name:  Mauryan Empire Dates: 324–185 BCE Location: Gangetic plains of India.  At its largest, the empire stretched from  Afghanistan in the north to Karnataka in the south, and from Kathiawad in the west to northern Bangladesh in the east. Capital: Pataliputra (modern Patna) Estimated population: 181 million   Key locations:  Tosali (Dhauli, Odisha), Takshasila (Taxila, in Pakistan), Ujjayini (Ujjain, in Madhya Pradesh) and Suvanergiri (Andhra Pradesh) Notable leaders: Established by Chandragupta Maurya,  Asoka  (Ashoka, Devanampiya Piyadasi) Economy: Land and sea trade based Legacy: First dynasty to rule over most of India. Helped popularize and expand Buddhism as a major world religion. Sources Chakravarti, Ranabir. Mauryan Empire. The Encyclopedia of Empire. John Wiley Sons, Ltd, 2016. Print.Coningham, Robin A.E., et al. The Earliest Buddhist Shrine: Excavating the Birthplace of the Buddha, Lumbini (Nepal). Antiquity 87.338 (2013): 1104–23. Print.Dehejia, Rajeev H., and Vivek H. Dehejia. Religion and Economic Activity in India: An Historical Perspective. The American Journal of Economics and Sociology 52.2 (1993): 145–53. Print.Dhammika, Shravasti. The Edicts of King Asoka: An English Rendering. The Wheel Publication 386/387. Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society, 1993. Web accessed 3/6/2018.King, Robert D. The Poisonous Potency of Script: Hindi and Urdu. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 2001.150 (2001): 43. Print.Magee, Peter. Revisiting Indian Rouletted Ware and the Impact of Indian Ocean Trade in Early Historic South Asia. Antiquity 84.326 (2010): 1043-54. Print.McKenzie-Clark, Jaye. Distinguishing between Rouletting and Chatter ing on Ancient Mediterranean Pottery. American Journal of Archaeology 119.1 (2015): 137–43. Print.Smith, Monica L. Networks, Territories, and the Cartography of Ancient States. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 95.4 (2005): 832–49. Print.Smith, Monica L., et al. Finding History: The Locational Geography of Ashokan Inscriptions in the Indian Subcontinent. Antiquity 90.350 (2016): 376–92. Print.

The Impact of Computer Games in the UK Essay - 1561 Words

High technology has conquered our world and it cannot not to have any impact on people who use it. Children are those who may suffer most because they are â€Å"screen addicted† from a very early age. According to Thomas (2011) an average modern child spends four hours thirty minutes in front of the TV or computer each day which includes one hour fifty minutes online and two hours forty minutes watching television. However, Trybus (2014) claims that gaming technology may help significantly in the education area. This essay concentrates on such part of modern technology as computer games. It will focus on the most popular games analysis at the beginning, then look at their effects and finally cover useful application of computer games.†¦show more content†¦As a consequence, the child becomes inattentive with a small period of concentration. 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Major Methods of Supervision in an Organization Free Sample

Question: Write an Essay on an Investigation of Criteria that affect the day-to-day Management of a Business in Ireland today. Answer: Introduction Supervision is an important aspect in the management process. Supervisory management is the process of overseeing and managing employees in the organizations[1]. It can be seen that businesses all over the world is adopting the strategy of supervisory management in order to make the employees efficient and to provide effective training to the novice employees. Supervisory is one of the crucial responsibilities of the organizational managers as it increases the efficiency and productivity of the business organizations[2]. There is no exception of this fact for Ireland. It has been seen that most of the companies in Ireland has adopted the strategy of supervisory management. Some major responsibilities of the supervisory management of Ireland are to ensure effective staff recruitment, staff training program, evaluation of the staffs and others[3]. Industry Guidelines and Recommended Practices Purpose and Method of Supervision Several purposes are there for which there should be supervisors in a business organization. Some of the purposes of supervision in an organization are discussed under: Mediator or Linking Pin: Supervisors are needed in an organization in order to communicate the plan, policies, decisions and strategies of the management with the subordinates of the organization[4]. Guide: There needs to be superiors in an organization for the purpose of guidance. Superior shows the right ways to the subordinates when they in doubt and in need helps. Issue of Instructions: One of the major purposes of supervision is the issue of instruction. It is the responsibility of the supervisors to make it sure that all the instructions are properly communicated to all the employees of the organization[5]. Control: Control is another important purpose of supervision. The supervisors of the organizations need to establish a control between the actual and expected outcome of the business. Apart from these, there are many purpose of supervision like the optimum utilization of the resources, to implement discipline in the workforce, to improve the communication process of the organizations, to take feedback and many others. Several methods of supervision can be seen in different business organizations. However, there are some major methods of supervision that most of the supervisors follows. They are discussed below: Individual Supervision: Individual supervision is one of the most widely used processes of supervision. In this process, the employees or supervisees use to describe their clinical activities to the supervisors. This method most suitable for most of the employees as employees does not want to disclose their personal problems in front of everyone[6]. Triadic Supervision: This is a new method of supervision where two supervisees pair with one supervisor for the purpose of supervision[7]. Group Supervision: This is another important and popular method of supervision where the one supervisor supervise a group of employees or supervisees. Group supervision is important to develop the group dynamics of an organization[8]. Peer Supervision: Peer supervision is the process of working together to get mutual benefits. In this process, the peer employees supervise each others activities[9]. Staff Code of Conduct The Code of Conduct for the Staffs in Ireland is discussed below: General Conduct and Behavior: As per this code of conduct, the employees of an organization need to maintain honesty, integrity and impartiality towards their job responsibilities. Conflict of Personal and Public Interest: As per this code, the employees must maintain a balance between personal and public conflict[10]. Planning: As per this act, the planning process employee must be transparent Gifts: According to this code, the employee cannot seek any kind of gift from the customers. Hospitality: As per this code, the employees of an organization must not be influenced by any hospitality of the customers. Satisfactory Working Relationship: As per this code, the employees of an organization must maintain a satisfactory working relationship with the consumer[11]. Criminal Conviction: As per this code, an employee that is convicted with any kind of crime must inform this fact to his/her personal officer. These are the major code of conducts of staffs in Ireland. In-House Staffs The advantages and disadvantages of in-house staffs are discussed below: Advantages In-house staffs reduce the training cost of the employees as the training process is conducted in the premise of the organization. In-house staffs can manage both the work and training; and this process reduces the disturbance in the organization. In case of in-house staffs, current work examples can be used for training. In-house staffs help to generate new ideas in the organization. In-house staffs promote the process of team building in the organizations. Disadvantages Training program for in-house staffs can increase the extra administrative costs of the organization. Training session for the employees sometimes hampers their work. Lack of dedication is a major disadvantage for the in-house staffs. In the process of in-house staffs, the employees feel extra pressure. In-house employees often face problem in time management in the organizations. Contract Staffs The advantages and disadvantages of contract staffs is discussed below: Advantages Contract staffs can become permanent by delivering good performance. Contract staff has to do multitask in the organization that increases their knowledge and skills. Contact employees get higher amount of salary in the organizations[12]. Contract employees can enjoy tax benefits on their earnings. The scope for personal satisfaction is high for the contract employees[13]. Disadvantages Contract staffs cannot enjoy all the benefiters in the organization. Contract staffs have to face immense job pressure. There is not any job security in contact staffing. Contract employees are not invited in the inner circle of the organizations[14]. There is not any opportunity for extra pay for contract staffs. Membership of Representative Bodies The advantages and disadvantages of membership of representative bodies are discussed below: Advantages Representative bodies promote the views of various parties in the organizations. Representative bodies help to promote common interest of the employees of the organization. Disadvantages It can be seen that sometimes the Representative bodies become influenced and do not promote the employees. This is a major interest. Steps Required to Recruit Staffs It can be seen that the companies in Ireland use some particular methods for the purpose of sourcing and screening candidates. For souring, both internal and external sources are used. In the process of internal sourcing, employees within the organization are selected for the vacant post. It reduces the cost of the company and it is a dependable source. On the other hand, there are many sources in external recruitment. They are websites, news papers, recruitment agencies, employment job fairs, advertisements and others[15]. Screening is the process of interviewing fewer candidates from a huge number of candidates. It can be seen that in Ireland, two processes are used for screening of the candidates. The first process is to use the job description and employee satisfaction to compare against the CV. The second process is to arrange short telephonic interview rounds to measure the candidates sustainability. These processes are largely beneficial for the companies as these screening processes help the companies to find the most appropriate employees for the organization. Thus reduces save both the time and cost of the companies[16]. Staff Training Processes It can be seen that there are some specific training processes that the business organizations of Ireland use to follow. Various training and development programs are organized for the new employees of the organization. As per the industry standard of Ireland, the companies use two types of training programs. They are on the job training and off the job training. These training programs are used on a regular basis in order to make the employees efficient towards their jobs. At the time of the training programs, it needs to be made sure that that appropriate aids and supporting materials are there for the training programs like proper training rooms, trainers, computers and many others. One of the major aspects of training and development programs in Ireland is to assess the suitability of the individuals at the time of training. In Ireland, training is not enough for the employees. The supervisors of the organization interact with the trainees to know the effectiveness of the trainin g and development program. These interactions help the organizations to identify the loopholes in the training and development programs and to provide the scope for improvement. Staff Evaluation Staff evaluation is considered as an important aspect in Ireland. Employee evaluation is done based on three periods; they are evaluation at the end of the first day or week; at the end of the first month and at the end of the probation period. The main objective of this evaluation process is to judge the effectiveness of the new employees in the organization. Apart from this, another objective of the evaluation process is to measure the effectiveness of recruitment process. In the process of staff evaluation, taking feedback on the performance of the employees is a crucial aspect. Most of the companies in Ireland use to take feedbacks on the evaluation of the employees. Feedbacks from different parties are taken on the performance of the employees. Based on the feedbacks, the employee performances are measured[17]. The evaluation process provides the scope for personal developments of the employees. From different types of feedbacks, the employees can recognize their strong and weak areas. After the identification of weak areas, the can work on them to make them into their strong areas[18]. Conclusion According to the above study, it can be said that supervisors play an integral part in the development of the organization along with the development of the employees. The main purpose of the supervisors is to take care of well being of the employees. It can be seen that there are four major methods of supervision in an organization. As per the above study, the Ireland has a well-developed process of staff sourcing and screening. The two major sources of staffs ate are the internal source and external source. The training and developed programs of Ireland help the new employees to become more efficient. Lastly, staff evaluation is very important for the overall betterment of the employees and the organization. Bibliographies "Local Government Act, 2001, Section 169".Irishstatutebook.ie, 2017. Online. Internet. 4 Apr. 2017. . Available: https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2001/act/37/section/169/enacted/en/html. "Recruitment and Selection".failteireland.ie, 2017. Online. Internet. 4 Apr. 2017. . Available: https://www.failteireland.ie/FailteIreland/media/WebsiteStructure/Documents/2_Develop_Your_Business/1_StartGrow_Your_Business/Recruitment-and-Selection.pdf. Allman, Keith, and Ximena Escobar De Nogales. "Sourcing and Screening."Impact Investment: A Practical Guide to Investment Process and Social Impact Analysis+ Website: 11-59. Boniface, Gail, et al. "Exploring the nature of peer and academic supervision on a role-emerging placement."British Journal of Occupational Therapy75.4 (2012): 196-201. Borders, L. DiAnne, et al. "Individual and triadic and group: Supervisee and supervisor perceptions of each modality."Counselor Education and Supervision51.4 (2012): 281-295. Brooks, Charles T., David A. Patterson, and Patrick M. McKiernan. "Group supervision attitudes: Supervisory practices fostering resistance to adoption of evidence-based practices."Qualitative report (Online)17.1 (2012): 191. Freedland, Mark, et al., eds.The contract of employment. Oxford University Press, 2016. Hair, Heather J. "The purpose and duration of supervision, and the training and discipline of supervisors: What social workers say they need to provide effective services."British Journal of Social Work(2012): bcs071. Hawkins, Peter, et al.Supervision in the helping professions. McGraw-Hill Education (UK), 2012. Kadushin, Alfred, and Daniel Harkness.Supervision in social work. Columbia University Press, 2014. Madaus, George F., Michael Scriven, and Daniel L. Stufflebeam, eds.Evaluation models: Viewpoints on educational and human services evaluation. Vol. 6. Springer Science Business Media, 2012. Parikh, Sejal B., Christopher Janson, and Tiffany Singleton. "Video journaling as a method of reflective practice."Counselor Education and Supervision51.1 (2012): 33-49. Posavac, Emil.Program evaluation: Methods and case studies. Routledge, 2015. Sechilariu, Manuela, Bao Chao Wang, and Fabrice Locment. "Supervision control for optimal energy cost management in DC microgrid: Design and simulation."International Journal of Electrical Power Energy Systems58 (2014): 140-149. Subhan, Arif. "Clinical Engineering Staffing."Journal of Clinical Engineering38.2 (2013): 47-48. Teague, Paul, and William K. Roche. "Line managers and the management of workplace conflict: evidence from Ireland."Human Resource Management Journal22.3 (2012): 235-251 Sechilariu, Manuela, Bao Chao Wang, and Fabrice Locment. "Supervision control for optimal energy cost management in DC microgrid: Design and simulation."International Journal of Electrical Power Energy Systems58 (2014): 140-149. Hawkins, Peter, et al.Supervision in the helping professions. McGraw-Hill Education (UK), 2012. Teague, Paul, and William K. Roche. "Line managers and the management of workplace conflict: evidence from Ireland."Human Resource Management Journal22.3 (2012): 235-251. air, Heather J. "The purpose and duration of supervision, and the training and discipline of supervisors: What social workers say they need to provide effective services."British Journal of Social Work(2012): bcs071. Kadushin, Alfred, and Daniel Harkness.Supervision in social work. Columbia University Press, 2014. Parikh, Sejal B., Christopher Janson, and Tiffany Singleton. "Video journaling as a method of reflective practice."Counselor Education and Supervision51.1 (2012): 33-49. Borders, L. DiAnne, et al. "Individual and triadic and group: Supervisee and supervisor perceptions of each modality."Counselor Education and Supervision51.4 (2012): 281-295. Brooks, Charles T., David A. Patterson, and Patrick M. McKiernan. "Group supervision attitudes: Supervisory practices fostering resistance to adoption of evidence-based practices."Qualitative report (Online)17.1 (2012): 191. Boniface, Gail, et al. "Exploring the nature of peer and academic supervision on a role-emerging placement."British Journal of Occupational Therapy75.4 (2012): 196-201. "Local Government Act, 2001, Section 169".Irishstatutebook.ie, 2017. Online. Internet. 4 Apr. 2017. . Available: https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2001/act/37/section/169/enacted/en/html. [11] "Local Government Act, 2001, Section 169".Irishstatutebook.ie, 2017. Online. Internet. 4 Apr. 2017. . Available: https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2001/act/37/section/169/enacted/en/html. Freedland, Mark, et al., eds.The contract of employment. Oxford University Press, 2016. Freedland, Mark, et al., eds.The contract of employment. Oxford University Press, 2016. Subhan, Arif. "Clinical Engineering Staffing."Journal of Clinical Engineering38.2 (2013): 47-48. "Recruitment and Selection".failteireland.ie, 2017. Online. Internet. 4 Apr. 2017. . Available: https://www.failteireland.ie/FailteIreland/media/WebsiteStructure/Documents/2_Develop_Your_Business/1_StartGrow_Your_Business/Recruitment-and-Selection.pdf. Allman, Keith, and Ximena Escobar De Nogales. "Sourcing and Screening."Impact Investment: A Practical Guide to Investment Process and Social Impact Analysis+ Website: 11-59. Madaus, George F., Michael Scriven, and Daniel L. Stufflebeam, eds.Evaluation models: Viewpoints on educational and human services evaluation. Vol. 6. Springer Science Business Media, 2012. Posavac, Emil.Program evaluation: Methods and case studies. Routledge, 2015.

Hip-Hop and Hyper-Commercialism free essay sample

Hip-Hop and Hyper-commercialism Simple beat, simple rhyme scheme, strong message. Vans dont cost Gs, real inning wear these CLC Vans, says a member of The Pack in the music video aptly titled Vans. You may be asking yourself, So, whats the big deal? The big, highly lucrative deal is the marriage between big name corporations and their partnership with hip-hop. Its nothing new: Run-DAM had My ideas, EL Cool J wore Kananga hats, and even Jay-Z incorporated drinking Cristal into his lyrics for a long period of time.With that being said, the new hip-hop generation of today faces many adversities from years and ears of subliminal marketing within their own sub-culture. The effects of hyper- commercialism are evident in American culture In general, but especially noticeable within popular rap music and urban associated culture. As an avid listener and creator of hip hop music, I have noticed a growing trend in the bay area: rap about what brands you wear. Whether it be Nikkei, Vans, Babe, or Decries, the message seems clear: you are what you wear.Even the term blind, blind is so deeply associated with hip-hop that you cant say it without an image off big, gaudy necklace popping into your head. And Immediately after that, you think, thats something a rapper would wear. Its no secret why. The hip-hop culture has been portraying a certain image since its birth in the late sasss and has been exploited by big name companies since then. The music industry Invests In what sells; companies and corporations sponsor artists who sell and are marketable to a wide, general audience. In the PBS documentary, Merchants of Cool, Naomi Klein states, Quite simply, every company with a powerful brand is attempting to develop a relationship with consumers that resonates so completely with their sense of self hat they will aspire, or at least consent, to be serfs under these feudal borderlands. With this being said, the question of why the hip-hop image is so much different than that of rock music has always bothered me. Take the band Coldly for example.The first adjectives that come to mind when thinking of the band are soft, emotional, and uplifting. And even though the band does not have that rebel edge, they managed to win Grammys and sell millions of records without having brand names within their lyrics. Now examine a hip-hop artist equivalent with huge success In America, 50 Cent. His breakthrough album is entitled Get Rich or Die Trying, appropriate for the philosophy behind the Image of mainstream hip-hop. After listening to the first minute of the first single In Ad Club, its a given that Backward and Mercedes Benz Increased their sales for that year _ He follows that formula of selling your own culture plus helping a company sell a product equals big checks and big success. Not only did he sell over ten million records with his Get Rich or Die Trying album, but he let the big name companies know 0 he means business. And this Is precisely the problem. Not only do I see advertisements everywhere else In American culture, but now have to sit and listen to catch phrase commercials within the music I know and love.This affect has made me question everything about myself. Eve been obsessed with the genre music since Talcs release of crazy sexy Cool, and since then Ive become what many call a Hip-Hop Head. At the time, I was was one of those groups that wasnt caught up in the over excessive marketing campaign that targeted young music listeners like myself. So my foundation for quality, meaningful hip-hop music was always there. But as I grew into my teenage years, I found myself often imitating to the rappers I listened to on a subconscious level.I started wearing brand name clothing that was acceptable and even though I was too young to know anything about alcohol, I thought Hennessey and Backward were the two alcohols that I have to try first. The financial markets have certainly spoken. They have richly rewarded some media-company mergers and made stockholders-including Journalists-happy folks, says Tom Goldstein in his article Big Media: Who Owns the News?. This same idea can be applied to the rap artists who et paid by the sponsors that endorse them.These artists are making millions off these companies who are mainly there to use the artists image as a way to connect their product with his or her fan base. The sad thing is, when an artist talks about Clocks or Smith and Wesson like he is endorsing the product, confused kids buy into it. When I got a little bit older, a littler bit smarter, and a little bit wiser, I started to question myself and my identity, as well as Hip-Hop and the identity portrayed within the mainstream media. It seemed as though everything had to have a hardcore exterior.To be understanding, sensitive, or romantic seemed to be weak, while credibility was earned by talking about guns, drugs, pimping women, and dirty money. In an article regarding two underground DVDs called Straight Auto Hunters Point and Hood 2 Hood, Darrel Keats put this idea best, The storytellers are driven by the same motivation 0 proving that their block is the hardest, and that they are the hardest on the block. This is precisely what is portrayed in most mainstream rap a market flood of bragging and boasting about doing illegal or despicable activities.Yet, I see todays youth confused. You are not respected if you are not outfitted in the latest gear, or up to date with the latest brand. And because of this, up in coming rappers and music makers tailor their own music to fit this philosophy without even being paid by the brands that they promote. Case in point, an underground, unsigned rapper named Young Byrd Man can be found holding a Nikkei shoe on a picture of his Namespace, not knowing that kids who follow him will go and buy those shoes because of the image he portrays. And Nikkei does not sponsor him, or pay him.Sounds like a great business deal, doesnt it? Now you may think that all this commercialism is wrong, but its not. In fact, its only logical 0 sell what you have to get what you want. Everybody does it, especially within the capitalistic society we live in. The problem is artists losing their substance too marketing scheme. New groups like The Pack are prime examples of this flash in the pan trend, and this is why they dont stick around or have a strong following. Based on their first single, their audience knows them as the four Vans spokesman.Are they musical artists, or shoe lessen? They have no perceived foundation for anything more, and thats why I flip to the next channel of the metaphorical Hip-Hop television. So what has made artists like Jay-Z so successful? Being able to find a balance between providing those catch phrase commercials and also giving the listener something real to hold on to. Its simple 0 when the commercials come on during a football game, my dad changes the channel to golf until the football game comes back on. Hes not interested in watching football for what it is, not what its sponsored by. By switching the channel ruing advertisements, hes saying, Im tired of trying to be sold, get back to the point. Hip-Hop has become the same way to me. This is why I choose to stray away from the hyper-commercialism lyrics that I hear too often. Artists like Jay-Z provide enough substance in comparison to advertisements to keep the listeners there. In an article entitled The New Hustle, the author sums it up very well, Its hard to hate on the get-rich part of this game. That rappers are becoming more astute businessmen, branching out into multiple industries, is a good thing.And this is true, its hard to denounce smart business practices or the determination it takes to be an entrepreneur. After all, who could not respect someone who has gone from rags to riches or grew from a crack in the concrete, as Tuba put it. But at the same time, rappers who have become wealthy and have escaped their troubled backgrounds seem to show no second thoughts about what they put into their rap lyrics, endorsement deals or not. And it seems as thought businesses and marketers hold these artists with little to no accountability about how they act or what they say.From a transcript from Bill Realitys show on the Fox News Network when he had a segment on Ludicrous endorsement by Pepsi, he states, Im calling for all responsible Americans to fight back and punish Pepsi for using a man who degrades women, who encourages substance abuse, and does all the things that hurt particularly the poor in our society. Now I dont necessarily agree with all that the man says and does, but he does have a point 0 people listen to these irresponsible artists and business endorsements give them power. Rappe r Gift of Gab of the duo known as Fallacious put it best his song ShallowDays, Music does reflect life, and kids look up to what youre portraying and mimic what you act like. Sometimes my stomach gets this odd feeling when I see rappers inferring that their violent and degrading lyrics are Just creative expressions and have no real repercussions. Sometimes I argue with my current girlfriend about this. In the Bay area, we have something made popular by recent rapper Mac Deer. Its called Thigh, a slang term for ecstasy. Too many times, I come across people who argue that Mac Dress influence over the recent popularity of ecstasy in Hip-Hop ultra is not wrong.Yet, thigh has been a big problem all over northern California, and has never been popular with Hip-Hop heads since Mac Dress on set. Still, hardly anyone wants to point the finger, and I hate doing it myself, but at the same time, artists do have control over what they say and put into the mix of things. Responsibility is a value that seems to be lacking not only in Hollywood, but also Hip- Hop. All in all, the music has major influence on its listeners and the companies know this. Will the current generation realize that they are being sold products and ideas y people within their own culture, or will the trend continue?